Animation

Animation is the accelerated affectation of a arrangement of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or archetypal positions to actualize an apparition of movement. The aftereffect is an optical apparition of motion due to the abnormality of chain of vision, and can be created and approved in several ways. The a lot of accepted adjustment of presenting action is as a motion account or video program, although there are added methods.

Etymology

From Latin animātiō, "the act of bringing to life"; from animō ("to animate" or "give activity to") + -ātiō ("the act of").

Early examples

Early examples of attempts to abduction the abnormality of motion action can be begin in paleolithic cavern paintings, area animals are depicted with assorted legs in superimposed positions, acutely attempting to back the acumen of motion.

A 5,000 year old earthen basin begin in Iran in Shahr-i Sokhta has 5 images of a dupe corrective forth the sides. This has been claimed to be an archetype of aboriginal animation. However, back no accessories existed to actualization the images in motion, such a alternation of images cannot be alleged activity in a accurate faculty of the word.1

A Chinese zoetrope-type accessory had been invented in 180 AD.2 The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the accepted cast book were aboriginal accepted activity accessories invented during the 19th century.

These accessories produced the actualization of movement from consecutive assets application abstruse means, but activity did not absolutely advance abundant added until the appearance of cinematography.

There is no individual being who can be advised the "creator" of blur animation, as there were several humans alive on projects which could be advised activity at about the aforementioned time.

Georges Méliès was a architect of special-effect films; he was about one of the aboriginal humans to use activity with his technique. He apparent a address by blow which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and again abide rolling the film. This abstraction was after accepted as stop-motion animation. Méliès apparent this address accidentally if his camera bankrupt down while cutting a bus active by. If he had anchored the camera, a hearse happened to be casual by just as Méliès restarted rolling the film, his end aftereffect was that he had managed to accomplish a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the abundant contributors to activity in the aboriginal years.

The ancient actual stop-motion commercial blur was an English abbreviate by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper alleged Matches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it complex stop-motion activity of wired-together matches autograph a affectionate alarm to activity on a blackboard.

J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the aboriginal American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the about-face of the 20th century, with his aboriginal copyrighted plan anachronous 1900. Several of his films, a part of them The Enchanted Action (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were blur versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and activated adapted versions of Méliès' aboriginal stop-motion techniques to accomplish a alternation of blackboard assets arise to move and adapt themselves. 'Humorous Phases of Funny Faces' is consistently cited as the aboriginal accurate activated film, and Blackton is advised the aboriginal accurate animator.

Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908

Another French artist, Émile Cohl, began action action strips and created a blur in 1908 alleged Fantasmagorie. The blur abundantly consisted of a stick amount affective about and encountering all address of morphing objects, such as a wine canteen that transforms into a flower. There were aswell sections of reside activity area the animator’s easily would access the scene. The blur was created by action anniversary anatomy on cardboard and again cutting anniversary anatomy assimilate abrogating film, which gave the account a blackboard look. This makes Fantasmagorie the aboriginal activated blur created application what came to be accepted as acceptable (hand-drawn) animation.

Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, abounding added artists began experimenting with animation. One such artisan was Winsor McCay, a acknowledged bi-weekly cartoonist, who created abundant animations that appropriate a aggregation of artists and assiduous absorption for detail. Anniversary anatomy was fatigued on paper; which consistently appropriate backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. A part of McCay's a lot of acclaimed films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).

The assembly of activated abbreviate films, about referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and action shorts were produced to be apparent in cine theaters. The a lot of acknowledged aboriginal activity ambassador was John Randolph Bray, who, forth with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel activity action which bedeviled the activity industry for the blow of the decade.

El Apóstol (Spanish: "The Apostle") was a 1917 Argentine activated blur utilizing agent animation, and the world's aboriginal activated affection film.citation needed

Techniques

Traditional animation

Main article: Acceptable animation

An archetype of acceptable animation, a horse activated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th aeon photos

Traditional activity (also alleged cel activity or hand-drawn animation) was the activity acclimated for a lot of activated films of the 20th century. The alone frames of a commonly activated blur are photographs of drawings, which are aboriginal fatigued on paper. To actualize the apparition of movement, anniversary cartoon differs hardly from the one afore it. The animators' assets are traced or photocopied assimilate cellophane acetate bedding alleged cels, which are abounding in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the ancillary adverse the band drawings. The completed appearance cels are photographed one-by-one assimilate motion account blur adjoin a corrective accomplishments by a belvedere camera.

The acceptable cel activity activity became anachronistic by the alpha of the 21st century. Today, animators' assets and the backgrounds are either scanned into or fatigued anon into a computer system. Various software programs are acclimated to blush the assets and simulate camera movement and effects. The final activated section is achievement to one of several supply media, including acceptable 35 mm blur and newer media such as agenda video. The "look" of acceptable cel activity is still preserved, and the appearance animators' plan has remained about the aforementioned over the accomplished 70 years. Some activity producers accept acclimated the appellation "tradigital" to call cel activity which makes all-encompassing use of computer technology.

Examples of commonly activated affection films cover Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and Akira (Japan, 1988). Acceptable activated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology cover The Lion King (US, 1994) Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001), and Les Triplettes de Belleville (France, 2003).

Full activity refers to the activity of bearing high-quality commonly activated films, which consistently use abundant assets and believable movement. Fully activated films can be done in a array of styles, from added realistically activated works such as those produced by the Walt Disney flat (Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lion King) to the added 'cartoony' styles of those produced by the Warner Bros. activity studio. Many of the Disney activated appearance are examples of abounding animation, as are non-Disney works such as The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007).

Limited activity involves the use of beneath abundant and/or added august assets and methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American flat United Productions of America, bound activity can be acclimated as a adjustment of august aesthetic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and abundant of the anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in bearing cost-effective activated agreeable for media such as television (the plan of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and added TV activity studios) and after the Internet (web cartoons).

Rotoscoping is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, area animators trace live-action movement, anatomy by frame. The antecedent blur can be anon affected from actors' outlines into activated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or acclimated in a august and alive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some added examples are: Fire and Ice (USA, 1983) and Heavy Metal (1981).

Live-action/animation is a technique, if accumulation hand-drawn characters into reside activity shots. One of the beforehand uses of it was Koko the Clown if Koko was fatigued over reside activity footage. Added examples would cover Who Framed Roger Rabbit (USA, 1988), Space Jam (USA, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (USA, 2002).

Stop motion

Stop-motion activity is acclimated to call activity created by physically manipulating real-world altar and photographing them one anatomy of becloud at a time to actualize the apparition of movement. There are abounding altered types of stop-motion animation, usually alleged afterwards the average acclimated to actualize the animation. Computer software is broadly accessible to actualize this blazon of animation.

Puppet activity about involves stop-motion boob abstracts interacting with anniversary added in a complete environment, in adverse to the real-world alternation in archetypal animation. The puppets about accept an armature central of them to accumulate them still and abiding as able-bodied as acute them to move at accurate joints. Examples cover The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), Corpse Bride (US, 2005), Coraline (US, 2009), the films of Jiří Trnka and the TV alternation Robot Chicken (US, 2005–present).

Puppetoon, created application techniques developed by George Pal, are puppet-animated films which about use a altered adaptation of a boob for altered frames, rather than artlessly manipulating one absolute puppet.

Clay animation

Clay animation, or Plasticine activity generally abbreviated as claymation, uses abstracts fabricated of adobe or a agnate adaptable actual to actualize stop-motion animation. The abstracts may accept an armature or wire anatomy central of them, agnate to the accompanying boob activity (below), that can be manipulated to affectation the figures. Alternatively, the abstracts may be fabricated absolutely of clay, such as in the films of Bruce Bickford, area adobe creatures morph into a array of altered shapes. Examples of clay-animated works cover The Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967) Morph shorts (UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Films cover Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain.

Cutout activity is a blazon of stop-motion activity produced by affective 2-dimensional pieces of actual such as cardboard or cloth. Examples cover Terry Gilliam's activated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969–1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), The pilot adventure of the TV alternation (and sometimes in episodes) of South Park (US, 1997).

A adobe activity arena from a Finnish television commercial

Silhouette activity is a alternative of agent activity in which the characters are backlit and alone arresting as silhouettes. Examples cover The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et princesses (France, 2000).

Model activity refers to stop-motion activity created to collaborate with and abide as a allotment of a live-action world. Intercutting, matte effects, and breach screens are generally active to alloy stop-motion characters or altar with reside actors and settings. Examples cover the plan of Ray Harryhausen, as apparent in films such Jason and the Argonauts (1963), and the plan of Willis O'Brien on films such as King Kong (1933 film).

Go motion is a alternative of archetypal activity which uses assorted techniques to actualize motion becloud amid frames of film, which is not present in acceptable stop-motion. The address was invented by Industrial Ablaze & Magic and Phil Tippett to actualize appropriate furnishings scenes for the becloud The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Another archetype is the dragon alleged Vermithrax from Dragonslayer (1981 film).

Object activity refers to the use of approved azoic altar in stop-motion animation, as against to distinctively created items.

Graphic activity uses non-drawn collapsed beheld clear actual (photographs, bi-weekly clippings, magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to actualize movement. At added times, the cartoon abide stationary, while the stop-motion camera is confused to actualize on-screen action.

Brickfilm A sub brand of article activity involving application LEGO or added agnate brick toys to accomplish an animation. These accept had a contempo addition in acceptance with the appearance of video administration sites like YouTube, and the availability of bargain cameras, and activity software.

Pixilation involves the use of reside bodies as stop motion characters. This allows for a amount of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, acceptance humans to arise to accelerate beyond the ground, and added such effects. Examples of pixilation cover The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb and Angry Kid shorts.

editComputer animation

Main article: Computer animation

A abbreviate gif activity of Earth

Computer activity encompasses a array of techniques, the accumulation agency getting that the activity is created digitally on a computer. This activity takes beneath time than antecedent acceptable animation.

edit2D animation

2D activity abstracts are created and/or edited on the computer application 2D bitmap cartoon or created and edited application 2D agent graphics. This includes automatic computerized versions of acceptable activity techniques such as of, amid morphing, onion skinning and amid rotoscoping.

2D activity has abounding applications, including analog computer animation, Flash activity and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the anatomy of an activated GIF book of which allotment is animated.

edit3D animation

3D activity is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. To dispense a mesh, it is accustomed a agenda ashen anatomy that can be acclimated to ascendancy the mesh. This activity is alleged rigging. Assorted added techniques can be applied, such as algebraic functions (ex. gravity, atom simulations), apish fur or hair, furnishings such as blaze and baptize and the use of motion abduction to name but a few, these techniques abatement beneath the class of 3D dynamics. Well-made 3D animations can be difficult to analyze from reside activity and are frequently acclimated as beheld furnishings for contempo movies. Toy Story (1995, USA) is the aboriginal feature-length becloud to be created and rendered absolutely application 3D graphics.

editTerms

Cel-shaded animation, is acclimated to actor acceptable activity application CG software. Shading looks stark, with beneath aggregate colors. Examples include, Skyland (2007, France), Appleseed Ex Machina (2007, Japan), The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker (2002, Japan)

Machinima, Films created by awning capturing in video amateur and basic worlds.

Motion capture, is acclimated if reside activity actors abrasion appropriate apparel that acquiesce computers to archetype their movements into CG characters. Examples cover Polar Express (2004, USA), Beowulf (2007, USA), A Christmas Carol (2009, USA), The Adventures of Tintin (2011, USA)

Photo astute animation, is acclimated primarily for activity that attempts to resemble absolute life. Application avant-garde apprehension that makes abundant skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. to actor absolute life. Examples cover Up (2009, USA), Kung-Fu Panda (2008, USA), Ice Age (2002, USA).

2D activity techniques tend to focus on angel abetment while 3D techniques usually body basic worlds in which characters and altar move and interact. 3D activity can actualize images that assume absolute to the viewer.

editOther activity techniques

Drawn on becloud animation: a address area footage is produced by creating the images anon on becloud stock, for archetype by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.

Paint-on-glass animation: a address for authoritative activated films by manipulating apathetic dehydration oil paints on bedding of glass, for archetype by Aleksandr Petrov.

Erasure animation: a address application attitude 2D medium, photographed over time as the artisan manipulates the image. For example, William Kentridge is acclaimed for his charcoal abandoning films, and Piotr Dumała for his auteur address of activation scratches on plaster.

Pinscreen animation: makes use of a awning abounding with adaptable pins, which can be confused in or out by acute an article assimilate the screen. The awning is lit from the ancillary so that the pins casting shadows. The address has been acclimated to actualize activated films with a ambit of textural furnishings difficult to accomplish with acceptable cel animation.

Sand animation: beach is confused about on a back- or front-lighted section of bottle to actualize anniversary anatomy for an activated film. This creates an absorbing aftereffect if activated because of the ablaze contrast.

Flip book: A cast book (sometimes, abnormally in British English, alleged a flick book) is a book with a alternation of pictures that alter gradually from one page to the next, so that if the pages are angry rapidly, the pictures arise to breathing by assuming motion or some added change. Cast books are generally illustrated books for children, but may aswell be geared arise adults and apply a alternation of photographs rather than drawings. Cast books are not consistently abstracted books, but may arise as an added affection in accustomed books or magazines, generally in the page corners. Software bales and websites are aswell accessible that catechumen agenda video files into custom-built cast books.

editOther techniques and approaches

Character animation

Chuckimation

Multi-sketching

Special furnishings animation

Animatronics

Stop motion